Researchers create semiconductor chip made almost entirely of wood

A team of electrical and computer engineers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison collaborated with the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) on a mission to alleviate the environmental burden of electronic devices. The teams stumbled upon a surprising solution – a semiconductor chip made almost entirely of wood.

Portable electronics — typically made of non-renewable, non-biodegradable and potentially toxic materials — are discarded at an alarming rate in consumers’ pursuit of the next best electronic gadget.

The research team, led by UW-Madison electrical and computer engineering professor Zhenqiang “Jack” Ma, described the new device in a paper published  by the journal Nature Communications. The paper describes the feasibility of replacing the substrate, or support layer, of a computer chip, with cellulose nanofibril (CNF), a flexible, biodegradable material made from wood.

“The majority of material in a chip is support. We only use less than a couple of micrometers for everything else. Now the chips are so safe you can put them in the forest and fungus will degrade it. They become as safe as fertilizer,” said Ma.

“If you take a big tree and cut it down to the individual fiber, the most common product is paper. The dimension of the fiber is in the micron stage. But what if we could break it down further to the nano scale? At that scale you can make this material, very strong and transparent CNF paper.” said Zhiyong Cai, project leader for an engineering composite science research group at FPL.

Cai’s group worked with Shaoqin “Sarah” Gong, a UW-Madison professor of biomedical engineering, to address two key barriers to using wood-derived materials in an electronics setting: surface smoothness and thermal expansion.

“You don’t want it to expand or shrink too much. Wood is a natural hydroscopic material and could attract moisture from the air and expand. With an epoxy coating on the surface of the CNF, we solved both the surface smoothness and the moisture barrier,” said Cai.

Gong and her students also have been studying bio-based polymers for more than a decade. CNF offers many benefits over current chip substrates, she says.

“The advantage of CNF over other polymers is that it’s a bio-based material and most other polymers are petroleum-based polymers. Bio-based materials are sustainable, bio-compatible and biodegradable. And, compared to other polymers, CNF actually has a relatively low thermal expansion coefficient,” said Gong.

The group’s work also demonstrates a more environmentally friendly process that showed performance similar to existing chips. The majority of today’s wireless devices use gallium arsenide-based microwave chips due to their superior high-frequency operation and power handling capabilities. However, gallium arsenide can be environmentally toxic, particularly in the massive quantities of discarded wireless electronics.

Yei Hwan Jung, a graduate student in electrical and computer engineering and a co-author of the paper, says the new process greatly reduces the use of such expensive and potentially toxic material.

“I’ve made 1,500 gallium arsenide transistors in a 5-by-6 millimeter chip. Typically for a microwave chip that size, there are only eight to 40 transistors. The rest of the area is just wasted. We take our design and put it on CNF using deterministic assembly technique, then we can put it wherever we want and make a completely functional circuit with performance comparable to existing chips,” said Jung.

According to Ma, while the biodegradability of these materials will have a positive impact on the environment, the flexibility of the technology can lead to widespread adoption of these electronic chips.

Although mass-producing semiconductor chips is a low-cost process currently, flexible electronics are making their way into the industry and the technology could have a place in future applications.